Operation Paperclip

Operation Paperclip was opposed by many and favored by many. Originally, the project was called Operation Overcast, but the name was changed to Operation Paperclip for all the paperwork and paperclips used in the process. Operation Paperclip was an undercover thing where American military services extricated German scientists among World War II times to America. There were many clandestine documents dealt with in this process, and even to this day, there are some documents that no one can see or know about except for the official Operation Paperclip group. It was developed by the Office of of Strategic Services(OSS), but changed hands to Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency later on. A plus for this secret plan was the Germans wanted to stop the advancing Red Army, and had motivation to help Americans even more. The German scientists mostly helped the American troops with their smart Nazi rocket technology, chemical weaponry and medicine. 

The big test for the Germans to pass and be able to come over was whether or not they had ever made an oath or been involved in any Nazi Party activities. One man, Werner Von Braun, proved to America that he was never involved with the Nazi Party by showing to them his pass card that he was a colonial for the SS. The Joint company sometimes were willing to twist that law for some scientists that they felt were crucial to their(America's) project. Braun was an incredibly intelligent and advanced scientists, and his work and ideas led to the landing of the moon in 1969. Eventually Werner Von Braun became the UNited States Government Scientist! Roughly 500 scientists and the families were brought over to America. They were brought to either White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico, Fort Bliss, Texas and Huntsville. These productions of the work stations led to the foundation of NASA and the US ICBM program in time. He craziest and in a way scariest part about the Operation Paperclip is there is information about the scientists, transfers, etc., that remains classified still.

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/operation_paperclip.html

http://www.operationpaperclip.info/

Depression Outline

I Intro
During the Great Depression, 1929-1939, America's entire life had taken a turn onto bumpy, unstable road. The Depression was a time where farming went from a surplus of crops to scarce produce.  Jobs went from an abundance of opportunities to very limited job offerings. President Roosevelt did his best to end the Depression, with his New Deals, broker states and safety nets. Being stuck in the middle of it, though, seemed near to impossible for the country to ever recover.
II Causes (The causes of the great depression were over speculation, government policy, and unstable economy.)

A overspeculation

B Govt Policy

C Unstable Econ

1 uneven prosperity-

2 overproduction-

3 worker issues / farm issues

III Effects

A Poverty- state of  being very poor, effected many families in the nation drastically

B Society- effected the society by decreasing jobs and increasing poverty

C World-effected the trade exports and imports because less food and merchandise being produced

IV Solutions

A Hoover- Elected president in the midst of the Great Depression, was beat by FDR in 1932

1 Volunteerism

2 Public Works- building roads, buildings, schools, etc all across the nation

3 Hawley Smoot- June 1930, raised average tariff rate o the biggest level in US history, decreased trade

4 RFC-Reconstruction Finance Corporation, makes loans to banks, railroads, and agricultural institutions, fails and economy collapses more so

B Roosevelt-

1 new deal

a alphabet soup

            example- SEC-securities and exchange commission, US governmental agency that monitors trading in securities and company takeovers

            example- NRA- National Recovery Act, factories kept firing people, so they tried to get businesses to keep their workers and stay in business

            example- HOLC- home owners loan corporation, loans to keep their houses during the depression.

            example- CCC- civilian conservation core, bunch of young men, had workers  planting trees

b Criticism?

2 2nd new deal

a spending more money than had

b sit-down strike

c not enough security for retired people

V Criticicism

B Political Criticism (ex. Came from both the left wing and right wing)

A Conservatives are traditional people who don't like change and felt the new deal was socialism in disguise

B Liberals (ex: criticized the new deal also. They....)

Ex: wasting money

ex: jobs were not consistent

VI Effectiveness

A Changes in US- broker state, safety net, fair labor standards act

B Unions

C Culture

VII Conclusion
After roughly ten strenuous years of the Great Depression, America had finally gotten out of it. President Roosevelt's many attempts and ideas to end the depression finally payed off. America was finally functioning back to normal, people were getting jobs again, and entrepreneurs were blooming in the cities. Farmers were producing crops again and there was not as much starvation and poverty around. Plus America had changes that still exist now to keep American's happy, such as safety nets, fair labor standards, and broker state. All in all, America, after many years of hardship that seemed impossible to recover from, America got back and became an even more advanced and awesome country!

Newspaper

President's Death!!
By: Caitlin Nichols
President Warren Harding has suddenly died yesterday, August 2, 1923. He was on his way with his wife to California and unexpectedly had a stroke of apoplexy. Mrs. Warren says she was casually reading to her husband when his first symptoms started to show. Accordingly, a shudder raced through his body and then he collapsed. Nurses raced him to the doctors room when he continued to shudder. Mrs. Warren says only a week ago he was diagnosed with the illness apoplexy. What she thought was so crazy however was that yesterday was the first time since his diagnoses that he was feeling well. The doctors did everything he could, but unfortunately he was not able to fight his intense stroke. He passed away with Mrs. Harding, Miss Ruth Powderly, Miss Sue Drusser and two nurses in the room. Mrs. Warren his illness was deadly. But what she didn't realize was how limited her days were with him, and furthermore, as President of the Untied States. Americas 29th president, though only three years in office, served his time well and will be greatly missed by his wife and the American citizens. 

Saleena Soto
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By: Ciara Bullard

Harlem Renaissance

           The African American people living in the south struggled with prejudice white people after the end of the Civil War in 1865. However, they did have greater opportunities than ever. The south was so racist that after World War I ended, they migrated up to the North. There they were much more accepted and jobs were easier to find. Plus the education was phenomenal. The majority of the migrating black people went to Harlem, New York. And that is how the Harlem Renaissance got it's name.    

     The Harlem Renaissance, once known as the, "New Negro Movement," was a huge expansion of the 1920s for African Americans. During this period of time, musicians, artists, writers, photographers, poets and scholars emerged, giving different and new styles no one had ever seen before. Jazz was a new type of music that had rhythmic, smooth or upbeat sounds. One of the most famous jazz singers emerged right at the peak of the Harlem Renaissance. Louis Armstrong, known for his gravely voice and his trumpet. Bill Robinson introduced his new and funky style of dance to the Broadway stages. Langston Hughes, a writer known for his poems and novels depicting the greatness and pride he has in his African American culture and how it should celebrated.

        It was also sensational, because African Americans were connecting with wealthy, white people who were willing to sponsor their work. The Harlem Renaissance was showed off to New York by popular magazines and the famous nightclub, The Cotton Club. The Cotton Club was limited to only black performers. What made the club so lively was that not only the African Americans would come to listen, but also the famous white singers, such as Bing Crosby. The Harlem renaissance was a significant time that united everyone.

http://www.biography.com/people/groups/movement/harlem-renaissance/photos/harlem-renaissance-figuhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/HAR/055-1ctnclb1.jpgres

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255397/Harlem-Renaissance

Letter to Home

Dear Caroline,
     Being a nurse at this camp site is horrifying. There are constantly loud bombs and noises from afar, startling me every time. I bandage so many injured men a day, I don't even think it would be possible to keep track. Some days I meet a new soldier, and the next day he is passed away. I've learned to not get attached to anyone. I have never seen so much blood in my entire life until being a nurse at this war. Many men come in with their legs or hands or any body part, completely destroyed from being struck in the trenches. Though the doctors job is to decapitate the limbs, it's been so hectic  and busy around here, sometimes the other nurses and I end up having to do the job for him. I almost feel like I've lost my self working here the last months. I've witnessed so many deaths and injuries and visions if seen before, I fear when I come home, if I come home, I will not be the same as you remember. Just know you are in my heart.
Your sister,
Claire

WW 1 causes

1.
Nationalism- The support of one nation, being loyal to your country.

 Alliance System- The formal support to help countries in case of danger, or war.

 Imperialism- The building power of taking over another colonies. Countries were arguing over colonies, this caused war.

Militarism- Its the preparation for war. At the time, britain had the strongest navy and germany was trying to expand their own army. This established strong preparation for the war.

2.

The spark of WWI was the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand. Also, the rivalry between Europe and a group of alliances. Because Archduke Ferdinand was killed, it led to Austria-Hungary invading Serbia(where Franz Ferdinand was killed). Russia aided Serbia, and Germany declared war on Russia then. To help their allies, France started war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. England backed up their allies too, France and Russia. Then when the United States joined in, World War I officially began.

3.
-Unrestricted Sub Warfare: (1915-1918) A naval attack where submarines have the ability to sink ships without warning. There was no chance to get off the ship so all the crew sunk. Killed many ship members without having an actual cause. This is when US really wanted to join the war. 
-Lusitania: (May 7, 1915)  A ferry boat that transported merchandise and people from Great Britain and US. It after after being torpedoed by a German U-boat. This event really made the US want join the hectic war.

-Sussex Pledge: (May 4, 1916) A pledge Germany made, promising that they would sink any ships with their u-boats except if there was known weapons. unless there was weapons. The Lusitania was sunk three days after this pledge. This was another reason why the US should join the war.

-Zimmerman note: (1917) The note that was intercepted by the U.S. which was supposedly Germany trying to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

African Americans in the War

          Another reason the war impacted the African Americans, was because it ran into the Great Migration. Furthermore, why even the non-fighting citizens were in trouble. Mostly the south was affected, though the north. The years 1914 and 1920, hundreds of thousands of African Americans got their belongings together and moved to the north, reshaping the country wherever they traveled. With the war going on and consistent need of more guns, armor, food, etc., there were many job opportunities in the industry. The African Americans were relieved and got many job offers and good wages as well. The majority of women still worked domestic labor, while many men had to change from agriculture to manufacturing things, such as entryways and automobiles.

            In the beginning of the World War I, African Americans did not see the need to enter the war. What they didn't realize was that it would impact them more than anyone else in the war, socially, economicly and politically. Not only for the soldiers, but also for the citizens, north and south. The war was one of the African Americans most vigorous times in their history, with migration, military service, racial violence and political protest. This was the era African Americans demanded their equality and rights.
           American needed soldiers rapidly in World War I. African Americans eagerly joined the military when the Americans were recruiting all men, 21 to 31 years of age. The African American's thought process was that if they fought with heart on the Americans side, it would show patriotism and proof that they were loyal to American and deserved the same rights as any fellow white man. Unfortunately that wasn't the situation. They gladly accepted the African Americans on to their troops, but in the end treated them with the same slight respect. The African Americans were limited even in the military. For one example, they couldn't be apart of the Marines. What they thought would make a difference for their equality, ended up just leaving them in the same place left off.

http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-world-war-i.html
http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwi/articles/fightingforrespect.aspx